Euler analysis comparison with LDV data for an advanced counter-rotation propfan at cruise

A fine mesh Euler solution of the F4/A4 unducted fan (UDF) model flowfield is compared with laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) data taken in the NASA Lewis 8- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel. The comparison is made primarily at one axial plane downstream of the front rotor where the LDV particle lag errors are reduced. The agreement between measured and predicted velocities in this axial plane is good. The results show that a dense mesh is needed in the centerbody stagnation region to minimize entropy generation that weakens the aft row passage shock. The predicted radial location of the tip vortex downstream of the front rotor agrees well with the experimental results but the strength is overpredicted. With 40 points per chord line, the integrated performance quantities are nearly converged, but more points are needed to resolve passage shocks and flow field details

Is the "Invisible Hand" Biased? Metropolitan Fragmentation and Individual Choice

Despite the fact that "efficiency" has dominated the discussion of metropolitan government (Greer, 1963:12), it is the position of this paper that efficiency is fundamentally irrelevant to an analysis of the politics of metropolitan organization. This is the case because institutional arrangements are so closely tied to the distribution of resources that a change in institutional arrangements inevitably has a redistributional (and thus political) bias. While the "ideal" arrangement of local governments may include a system of fragmented neighborhood governments, in the immediate reality of American government, a move to either consolidate or de-centralize metropolitan government could never be a universally beneficial move. There is no efficiency dividend. For this reason, efficiency arguments for and against fragmentation are pointless, and obscure the relevant political question: who shall and should be helped, and who hurt, by changes in urban institutions? Who should get more and who less

Municipal Incorporation Under LAFCO: A Critical View

How well have the LAFCO board and staff responded to the challenge of rationalizing the process of municipal incorporation? Has the devil of political influence been exorcised? Is there promise of dealing effectively with the problems of urban sprawl, unincorporated "islands", and inequality of urban finance? The first municipal incorporation under LAFCO was that of Carson; this was an illuminating case, which says much about the effectiveness of LAFCO in working towards its announced goals

Home-Owners, Renters, and Bureaucrats: A Redistributional Analysis of Municipal Incorporation

What are the reasons why a newly developed urban area might choose to incorporate as a separate municipality rather than be annexed to a neighboring city? The most frequent initial response to this question, given by proponents of incorporation, is "to gain local control"; but this response is too vague to be very helpful. Certainly, the creation of an autonomous, authoritative local government is undertaken in order to ensure that local rather than nonlocal interests will control decision -- but which decisions? What aspect of municipal government is so vital that some individuals will donate hundreds of hours a year, for as long as ten years, to ensure that the local community becomes incorporated rather than annexed

Metropolitan Fragmentation and Decentralized Control of Revenue Resources

There seems to be an inescapable conflict between one group of individuals who maintain that multiple local governments are necessary for allocational efficiency, and another group who maintain that fragmentation of local government necessarily leads to an inequitable allocation of resources among income classes. It is the purpose of this note to clarify, if not resolve this conflict by pointing out that the allocational advantages of metropolitan fragmentation derive from one function of local government, while the redistributional disadvantages derive largely from a different function. It is theoretically possible, therefore, to have a just and efficient organization of metropolitan government by centralizing one function of local government

Bureaucratic Compliance as a Game on the Unit Square

Already a fairly large body of literature has developed using Niskanen's theory as a starting point, showing how changes in Niskanen's assumptions can lead to a more realistic, yet still rigorous theory of bureaucratic behavior. This paper will review some of the more important elaborations of Niskanen’s theory to date and suggest a still more fundamental alteration of the assumption set. Basically, this paper will argue that the bureau head's supply decision cannot be regarded as an isolated decision, constrained by a fixed budget-output schedule. Rather, the bureau head's supply decision and the sponsor's budget appropriation decision must be analyzed in strategic interaction. This perspective suggests a game-theoretic model and permits the analyst to ask questions about the uniqueness and efficiency of joint solutions that are difficult or impossible to investigate with simpler models

Institutionalized Inequality: The Mixed Blessings of Fragmentation in Metropolitan Los Angeles

Los Angeles offers an opportunity to examine both the positive and normative arguments for fragmented government structures. During the period from 1950 to 1970, the number of municipalities in Los Angeles County increased from 45 to 77. Most of the new cities were Lakewood Plan cities, which were able to offer minimal services through contracts with the county agencies, at little or no property tax cost due to reliance on sales tax revenue, grants, and other sources of revenue. Those individuals in the Los Angeles area who preferred this type of government, for whatever reason, suddenly had the opportunity to signal their preferences by residential relocation. This paper offers evidence that during this period, there has been a clearly observable Tiebout-like sorting out of individuals into income and racial groups. This has been due to both the marked class and racial homogeneity of the new Lakewood Plan cities, and to the sorting out of individuals among the older cities

Hardy-Muckenhoupt Bounds for Laplacian Eigenvalues

We present two graph quantities Psi(G,S) and Psi_2(G) which give constant factor estimates to the Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalues, lambda(G,S) and lambda_2(G), respectively. Our techniques make use of a discrete Hardy-type inequality due to Muckenhoupt

Teacher Retention in a Rural East Texas School District

This qualitative study investigated what factors kept teachers committed to teaching in one rural east Texas school district despite the perceived educational inequalities of rural districts compared to suburban and urban districts. When it comes to teacher retention, rural school leaders cite school environment and community lifestyle compatibility as the primary reasons for staying. Despite the considerable number of rural school districts throughout the United States, research continues to largely ignore the unique relationships found in rural locales. Rural school districts offer many advantages over their suburban and urban counterparts; it is a matter of identifying what is important to rural teachers and attending to those needs. In an effort to improve teacher retention, the first-year superintendent of a small rural school district in east Texas wanted to know why some teachers stayed while others left. To examine the affect of rurality on teacher retention, 98 teachers responded to an online questionnaire on what kept them in the district, followed by 10 teachers randomly selected from the group for an in-depth face-to-face interview to probe further into their reasons for staying. Using a progressive refinement two-cycle coding technique, several themes emerged explaining their reasons for staying. If rural school district leaders can better understand the reasons why teachers remain in rural districts, then they can improve their retention efforts. The study concludes with a review of recommended strategies that rural school district leaders can implement to incentive teachers to stay

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